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Green tea

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Why we should Drink Green tea?

Green tea has increasingly become a very popular drink worldwide because of its immensely powerful health benefits. It is extraordinarily amazing what green tea can do for your health.
And if you're not drinking 3 to 4 cups of green tea today, you're definitely NOT doing your health a big favor.

Here Are some Reasons Why You Should Start Drinking Green Tea :

  • Green Tea and Cancer: Green tea helps reduce the risk of cancer.
    The antioxidant in green tea is 100 times more effective than vitamin C and 25 times better than vitamin E.This helps your body at protecting cells from damage believed to be linked to cancer.

  • Green Tea and Heart Disease: Green tea helps prevent heart disease and stroke by lowering the level of cholesterol. Even after the heart attack, it prevents cell deaths and speeds up the recovery of heart cells.

  • Green Tea and Anti-Aging: Green tea contains antioxidant known as polyphenols which fight against free radicals. What this means it helps you fight against aging and promotes longevity.

  • Green Tea and Weight Loss: Green tea helps with your body weight loss. Green tea burns fat and boosts your metabolism rate naturally. It can help you burn up to 70 calories in just one day.That translates to 7 pounds in one year.

  • Green Tea and Skin: Antioxidant in green tea protects the skin from the harmful effects of free radicals, which cause wrinkling and skin aging. Green tea also helps fight against skin cancer.

  • Green Tea and Arthritis: Green tea can help prevent and reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Green tea has benefit for your health as it protects the cartilage by blocking the enzyme that destroys cartilage.

  • Green Tea and Bones: The very key to this is high fluoride content found in green tea. It helps keep your bones strong. If you drink green tea every day, this will help you preserve your bone density.

  • Green Tea and Cholesterol: Green tea can help lower cholesterol level. It also improves the ratio of good cholesterol to bad cholesterol, by reducing bad cholesterol level.

  • Green Tea and Obesity: Green tea prevents obesity by stopping the movement of glucose in fat cells. If you are on a healthy diet, exercise regularly and drink green tea, it is unlikely you'll be obese.

  • Green Tea and Diabetes: Green tea improves lipid and glucose metabolisms, prevents sharp increases in blood sugar level, and balances your metabolism rate.

  • Green Tea and Alzheimer's: Green tea helps boost your memory. And although there's no cure for Alzheimer's, it helps slow the process of reduced acetylcholine in the brain, which leads to Alzheimer's.

  • Green Tea and Parkinson's: Antioxidants in green tea helps prevent against cell damage in the brain, which could cause Parkinson's. People drinking green tea also are less likely to progress with Parkinson's.
  • Green Tea and Liver Disease: Green tea helps prevent transplant failure in people with liver failure. Researches showed that green tea destroys harmful free radicals in fatty livers.

  • Green Tea and High Blood Pressure: Green tea helps prevent high blood pressure.Drinking green tea helps keep your blood pressure down by repressing angiotensin, which leads to high blood pressure.

  • Green Tea and Food Poisoning: Catechin found in green tea can kill bacteria which causes food poisoning and kills the toxins produced by those bacteria. 16. Green Tea and Blood Sugar: Blood sugar tends to increase with age, but polyphenols and polysaccharides in green tea help lower your blood sugar level.

  • Green Tea and Immunity: Polyphenols and flavenoids found in green tea help boost your immune system, making your health stronger in fighting against infections.

  • Green Tea and Cold and Flu: Green tea prevents you from getting a cold or flu. Vitamin C in green tea helps you treat the flu and the common cold.

  • Green Tea and Asthma: Theophylline in green tea relaxes the muscles which support the bronchial tubes, reducing the severity of asthma.

  • Green Tea and Ear Infection: Green tea helps with ear infection problem. For natural ear cleaning, soak a cotton ball in green tea and clean the infected ear.

  • Green Tea and Herpes: Green tea increases the effectiveness of topical interferon treatment of herpes. First green tea compress is applied, and then let the skin dry before the interferon treatment.

  • Green Tea and Tooth Decay: Green tea destroys bacteria and viruses that cause many dental diseases. It also slows the growth of bacteria which leads to bad breath.

  • Green Tea and Stress: L-theanine, which is a kind of amino acids in green tea, can help relieve stress and anxiety.

  • Green Tea and Allergies: EGCG found in green tea relieves allergies.So, if you have allergies, you should really consider drinking green tea.

  • Green Tea and HIV: Scientists in Japan have found that EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) in green tea can stop HIV from binding to healthy immune cells.What this means is that green tea can help stop the HIV virus from spreading

Policy

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Policy:

- A guide that establishes parameters for decision making.
- Its provide guideline to channel a manager’s thinking in a specific direction.
- Policy establishes parameter for the decision maker rather than specifically stating what should or what should not be done.
- Policies typically contain ambiguous term that leaves interpretation up to the decision maker.
- Or instance, each of the following is a policy statement.

The customer shall always be satisfied”

We promote from within, whenever possible”

- Policy can be defined in many different ways but it is more than simply a statement of belief, its major purpose is to guide action.
- Policy is not a goal or aim.
- Policy provides guideline for the preparation of rules and procedure.

A plan of action adopted by an individual or social group.”

A definite course of action selected by government, institutions, group or individual from among alternative and in the light of given conditions to guide and usually to determine present and future decision.

Types of power

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Types of power:

Where does power come from? Why powers make difference in organization settings? To answer those question by dividing the base or source of power into 2 general groups-

  • Formal &

  • Personal

Formal: based on the individual position in an organzaion. Like,

  • Coecive power: Based on the ability of the power holder to punish another. Such as, If A has the coercive power over B and if B does not work then A can exercise his power by terminate him.

  • Reward power: Based on the ability of power holderto reward another. Reward can be either financial or non financial. Such as,good work good reward.

  • Legitimate power: power based on the everyone’sbelief that power holder has a legitimate right to extent and the power theperson receives of his position in the formal hierarchy organization. Such as,Army captain speak first lieutenants listen.
  • Information power: Power that comes from access to control over information.

Personal power: Power that comes from individual’s unique characteristics, like

  • Expert power: Power based on the power holders processing expert knowledge or influence base on special skills. Such as, Doctor’s knowledge, Tax accounts knowledge.

  • Referent power: Power based on power receiver having identification with the power holder. If I like, respect and I admire then you can exercise power over me.

  • Charismatic power: An extension of perfect power stemming form an individuals personality and interpersonal style, they influence other because of heroic qualities. Such as, leadership (strong voice) quality.

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NASA: $485 Million Mars Mission

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NASA announced that to offer the University of Colorado an astonishing $485 million grant, which will be used in the research concerning the Martian air. The contract, named the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission or MAVEN, is the biggest in the university’s history and it will be carried out by the school’s Laboratory for Space and Atmospheric Physics. “This is the largest contract to date, but we really can’t say it’s the largest of all time,” said Stein Sture, CU’s vice chancellor for research.

The project will include about 200 people and will also be supported by several CU-Boulder graduate and undergraduate students.

“We are standing here at the University of Colorado,” said CU President Bruce Benson, “but this (project) is helping us become the university of the universe.”
The mission’s principal investigator, CU’s Bruce Jakosky, explained that the research will involve the upper atmosphere and how the planet interacts with the sun and with the solar wind. According to scientists, the solar wind represents the sun’s outer atmosphere which manages to reach all the planets with charged particles. In our case, these particles are repelled by Earth’s magnetic field and the atmosphere is protected. The difference on Mars is that its magnetic field no longer functions, allowing the solar wind to break down its atmosphere.
“This mission is about understanding the history of liquid water,” Jakosky said. “Why did the atmosphere change? Why did a warmer, wetter planet turn into the thin, cold atmosphere we see today?” He also added that this is an outstanding mission which will provide fundamental science results for Mars, as the previous missions only investigated Mars’ lower atmosphere. In order to complete its tasks, the spacecraft will be equipped with at least eight scientific instruments and will take several samples from the various layers of Martian air in order to study the planet’s atmospheric gases, upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The planet’s drastic climate change represents the mission’s focus, as scientists are looking to identify its past state, the different stages it experienced and also a careful analysis of its current appearance.
"This [Maven] mission will provide the first direct measurements ever taken to address key scientific questions about Mars' evolution," explained Doug McCuistion, director of the Mars exploration program at NASA Headquarters in Washington DC.


The mission was initially scheduled for a 2011 launch but due to the fact that Mars comes close enough to Earth every 26 months, NASA decided to postpone it for November 18, 2013.


Smoke Changes

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Smoke Changes Cloud Cover, Climate: NASA


In the dry season in Amazon smoke creates large number of pollution over the place. A photograph has taken from airplane in 2005 to see how the clouds look like:


Researchers from NASA and other institutions have identified the common thread that determines how aerosols from human activity, like the particles from burning of vegetation and forests, influence cloud cover and affect climate. The study improves researchers’ to predict whether aerosols will increase or decrease cloud cover. Lorraine Remer, a physical scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md said: “We connected the dots to draw a critical conclusion, and found evidence over the Amazon that traces the direct path of the effect of human activity on climate change by way of human-caused aerosols,” “During the dry season in the Amazon, the only aerosols of any magnitude are from smoke emerging from human-initiated fires.” It is well documented from previous studies that aerosols play an essential role in how clouds develop. With this knowledge, a team comprised of Remer, Ilan Koren of the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel and J. Vanderlei Martins of the University of Maryland Baltimore County set out to explore one of the least understood but most significant aspects of climate change caused by human activity: the connection between a change in the amount of human-caused aerosols and change in the structure of clouds.

“Scientists have observed instances where increases or decreases in the amount of these tiny particles have increased and decreased cloud covers in different places and times,” said Remer. “We saw an example of these ourselves: increased aerosols over the Amazon produced less cloud cover. Over the Atlantic Ocean, however, increased aerosols actually produced more cloud cover. We wanted to know what the link was between these different outcomes from varying amounts and types of aerosols. This paper gives us a clear picture of what is occurring.” The team developed an analytical model, or line of thinking that combined knowledge of cloud development, satellite observations and mathematical calculations of aerosol concentration and cloud properties in an effort to explain how the two opposing effects of aerosols on clouds can influence cloud coverage and life cycle.” This result helps us understand aerosols’ effect on a cloud’s mass and lifetime – how long it will provide cloud cover, how deep the clouds will be, and when and where it will rain,” said Remer. “This improved understanding leads to prediction and prediction can help us plan and perhaps prevent some of the potential consequences of putting aerosols from human activity into the atmosphere.”

To test their model, Remer’s team used aerosol and cloud observations from NASA’s Terra satellite of the Amazon during the 2005 dry season the season offers stable weather conditions and an abundance of human-caused aerosols from fires, set to clear new land and burn through old pastures to prepare the land for the next crop season. Aerosols are the tiny particles that make up smoke, dust, and ocean spray. Traveling on wind currents, aerosols move from their source and into the atmosphere, where they become individually encased by water and turn into the droplets that combine to create clouds. Cloud microphysics makes clear that the larger the number of aerosol particles suspended in air the less water in the atmosphere is available for condensation on each individual particle. Under these conditions, a cloud will have a much larger number of small droplets. The smaller the droplets, the longer it will take for a cloud to rain. Aerosol-rich clouds like this spread out by winds, produce less rainfall, and last longer, creating more cloud cover. However, aerosols also influence clouds through their ability to absorb heat from the sun. The trapped heat causes the atmospheric layer to warm up, and changes the environment in which the cloud develops. The overall result is to make the environment less hospitable for cloud growth. Even the smallest resulting changes in cloud cover can significantly warm or cool the atmosphere and change when and where fresh water will be available in the region.” As we’d expected in applying our model, increased smoke from the fires created clouds rife with a more pronounced radioactive effect – rich with human-caused aerosols that absorbed sunlight, warmed the local atmosphere, and blocked evaporation. This led to reduced cloud cover over the Amazon,” said co-author Martins.


Tips in daily life

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Important Tips in daily life



1. Answer the phone by LEFT ear

2. Do not drink coffee TWICE a day

3. Do not take pills with COOL water

4. Do not have HUGE meals after 5pm

5. Reduce the amount of TEA you consume

6. Reduce the amount of OILY food you consume

7. Drink more WATER in the morning, less at night

8. Keep your distance from hand phone CHARGERS

9. Do not use headphones/earphone for LONG period of time

10. Best sleeping time is from 10pm at night to 6am in the morning

11. Do not lie down immediately after taking medicine before sleeping

12. When battery is down to the LAST grid/bar, do not answer the phone as the radiation is 1000 times

Test for Dementia

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Test for Dementia :
Below are four ( 4 ) questions and a bonus question. You have to answer them instantly. You can't take your time, answer all of them immediately . OK?

Let's find out just how clever you really are....
Ready? GO!!! (scroll down)

First Question:

You are participating in a race! You overtake the second person. What position are you in? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Answer: If you answered that you are first, then you are absolutely wrong! If you overtake the second person and you take his place, you are second!


Try not to screw up next time. Now answer the second question,but don't take as much time as you took for the first question, OK ?

Second Question:
If you overtake the last person, then you are...?

(scroll down) ?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




Answer: If you answered that you are second to last, then you are wrong again. Tell me, how can you overtake the LAST Person?


You're not very good at this, are you?



Third Question:
Very tricky arithmetic! Note: This must be done in your head only. Do NOT use paper and pencil or a calculator. Try it.


Take 1000 and add 40 to it. Now add another 1000 . Now add 30 .Add another 1000 . Now add 20 . Now add another 1000 Now add 10 . What is the total?

Scroll down for answer.....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Did you get 5000 ?


The correct answer is actually 4100.

If you don't believe it, check it with a calculator!
Today is definitely not your day, is it?
Maybe you'll get the last question right.... Maybe.


Fourth Question:

Mary's father has five dau ghters: 1. Nana, 2. Nene, 3... Nini,4. Nono. What is the name of the fifth daughter? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Did you Answer Nunu?
NO! Of course it isn't.
Her name is Mary. Read the question again!


Okay, now the bonus round:

A mute person goes into a shop and wants to buy a toothbrush. Byimitating the action of brushing his teeth he successfullyexpresses himself to the shopkeeper and the purchase is done.
Next, a blind man comes into the shop who wants to buy a pair ofsunglasses; how does HE indicate what he wants?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

He just has to open his mouth and ask...
It's really very simple.... Like you!

Doors to Hell

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These places are in Uzbekistan is called by locals “The Door to Hell”. It is situated near the small town of Darvaz. The story of this place lasts already for 35 years. Once the geologists were drilling for gas. Then suddenly during the drilling they have found an underground cavern, it was so big that all the drilling site with all the equipment and camps got deep deep under the ground. None dared to go down there because the cavern was filled with gas. So they ignited it so that no poisonous gas could come out of the hole, and since then, it’s burning, already for 35 years without any pause. Nobody knows how many tons of excellent gas has been burned for all those years but it just seems to be infinite there.

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Places of Mystery And Power

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Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat, in present-day Cambodia, formed part of the capital of the Khmer Empire from 802 until 1295, and is probably the largest religious monument ever constructed. Built over a 30-year period with sandstone and laterite (a dense, porous, iron-bearing soil that can be quarried like stone), the rectangular structure (2,800 by 3,800 feet) faces west, in Hindu belief the direction taken by the dead when going to their next life.

Mt. Ararat

According to Genesis 8:4, after seven months and 17 days afloat in the ark upon the waters of the great deluge that destroyed all life on Earth, Noah, his family, and his massive living cargo of live-stock came to rest upon the mountains of Ararat, near the headwaters of the Euphrates River in what is today eastern Turkey. So prevalent is the belief that Noah's Ark can be located on the slope of the tallest mountain in Turkey, Agri Dagi Mt.

The Sacred City of Allahabad

Each year since the eighth century, Hindu pilgrims have traveled to one of the four sacred cities—Hardvar, Prayag, Ujjain, and Nasik— each located on a different sacred river—to seek forgiveness of sins as they bathe in the holy waters. According to Hindu mythology, the four cities became consecrated by the four drops of the nectar of immortality that fell upon them from the vessel that the gods used to carry the elixir of life away to heaven.

Atlantis

More than 2,500 years ago, a legend first began to spread about a society of the past that enjoyed an abundance of natural resources, great military power, splendid building and engineering feats, and intellectual achievements far advanced over those of other lands. Called Atlantis, it was described as a continent-sized area with rich soil, plentiful pure water, abundant vegetation and animals, natural hot springs for health and vigor, and such mineral wealth that gold was inlaid in buildings and was among the precious metals and stones worn as jewelry.

Avalon

Avalon is the place where the legendary King Arthur was taken after receiving mortal wounds in battle. Although it is a mythical place, there are sites on which Avalon may well have been based.

The Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle, also called the Devil's Triangle, is an imaginary area that can be roughly outlined on a map by connecting Miami, Florida; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and the Bahamas, an island chain off the coast of the United States. Within that triangular area of the Atlantic Ocean have occurred a number of unexplained disappearances of boats and planes.

Japan's Dragon's Triangle

The "Devil's Sea" and the Dragon's Triangle located in the Philippine Sea off China's eastern coast is known for vanishing ships and seamen similar to the legendary Bermuda Triangle. While sensational theories for the mysterious disappearances speak of extraterrestrials and lost kingdoms under the sea wreaking havoc, others believe that the region displays the same magnetic anomalies as the Bermuda Triangle.

Chartres

The gothic cathedral that stands in the French town of Chartres is the sixth church or cathedral constructed on that site over 1,500 years. Although the present cathedral is recognized as a place for Christian pilgrimages, it is considered mysterious.

Cahokia and its Woodhenge

Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site in Illinois is the site of the largest prehistoric Native American city north of Mexico. The city covered six square miles of settlement and may have been inhabited by as many as 20,000 people sometime between 800 and 1400.

Cursuses and Leys

There exists substantial evidence that some ancient societies wanted their landscapes to reflect the interconnectedness of life—imitating patterns they noticed in constellations, in changing seasons, or in rituals they performed. Ritual paths are found near some of Great Britain's ancient megalithic sites and are called cursuses.

El Dorado

Europeans of the sixteenth century presumed that somewhere deep in South America was a vast city called El Dorado that contained unimaginable mineral riches. Several Spanish conquistadors made perilous, often deadly journeys to find it.

Easter Island

In one of the most remote spots on Earth, separated by more than two thousand miles of ocean from the nearest centers of civilization, is a lone, triangular-shaped island that occupies about 64 square miles of the Pacific Ocean, which spans 70 million square miles. On the island's southeast coast stand nearly a hundred huge, megalithic monuments carved in a stylized manner to resemble male human heads with elongated facial features.

Glastonbury

Glastonbury, in the Somerset region of England, seems always to have been a spiritual center, from Celtic May Day festivities, to Christian worship, to present-day New Age festivals. Human habitation dates back many centuries before the contemporary era, based on findings of flints, the remains of two lake villages that rose above the marshes on artificial islands, and hundreds of planks that formed walkways held by pegs driven into the soil.

Hollow Earth

Edmund Halley (1656–1742) is best known for having calculated the orbit of a comet that passes by Earth every 76 years. The comet known as Halley's made its first appearance under that name in 1682.

Jerusalem

Jerusalem stands in the middle of the nation of Israel, a holy city to three of the world's great religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Before Muslims underwent pilgrimages to Mecca, the most venerated holy place in all of Islam was the Dome of the Rock, a magnificent mosque built over the sacred rock where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac to the Lord and where the Prophet Muhammad (c.)

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Listings of the greatest architectural achievements of the world date at least as far back as the time of Herodotus (484–425 B.C.E.), who mentions such an inventory. Later Greek historians wrote about the great monuments of their time, and the list of seven ancient wonders of the world was finalized from among those opinions during the Middle Ages.

Karnak

On the banks of the Nile, between the ancient cities of Luxor and Thebes, lie the remains of Karnak, one of the most magnificent temple complexes ever constructed. In ancient Egyptian, Karnak means "the most select of places," and it became a religious center during the period known as the New Kingdom (founded c.

Lemuria and Mu

Lemuria and Mu are sometimes distinct and sometimes interchangeable names for a legendary lost continent, which, according to its proponents, existed in the Caribbean Ocean and had many of the attributes associated with Atlantis. The mysterious lost lands of Lemuria and Mu were conceived of during the nineteenth century, when the theory of evolution was introduced and was among the advances in the sciences that challenged conventional ways of understanding life.

Lourdes

The healing Grotto of Bernadette at Lourdes, France, was constructed on the site where 14-year-old Bernadette Soubrious (1844–1879) claimed to have conversed with Mother Mary in 1858. Since the time that the miracle occurred to the young miller's daughter, pilgrims have journeyed to Lourdes to seek healing from the waters of the natural spring that appeared in the grotto next to the Gave de Pau River.

Machu Picchu

At its height during the 1400s, the Incan empire was the largest in the world, stretching 2,500 miles north to south and supporting a population of more than ten million people. The temples, extensive roads, elaborate masonry, and treasures of gold and silver associated with the Incas date from around 1200 through the 1400s.

Mayan Temples

When the Spanish conquistadors claimed areas of Central America and Mexico in the sixteenth century, they discovered the ruins of a great civilization, that of the Mayans, who had vanished and left evidence of their lost grandeur in massive structures that had been over-whelmed by the surrounding rain forest. The native people could not explain the significance of the sprawling, vacant cities to the conquistadors.

Mecca

Mecca, known to the Muslim faithful as Umm al-Qura, the Mother of Cities, is the holiest place in the Islamic world. It was here that Muhammad the Prophet (c.)

Medicine Wheel of the Big Horn Mountains

Above the timberline in the Big Horn Mountains of northern Wyoming exists a massive Medicine Wheel whose pattern of stones etches an imperfect circle with a diameter of about 25 meters. A group of stones about four meters in diameter establishes the hub of the wheel.

The Nazca Lines

On the western side of the Andes mountain range are a modern town and a river named Nazca, as well as the mysterious remains of an ancient civilization also identified as the Nazca (sometimes spelled Nasca). Remnants of the Nazca civilization include a strip of impressive buildings, but they are more famous for leaving their mark on the earth in a different way—with geoglyphs, which literally means markings on the earth ("geo" for earth; "glyph" for a symbolic figure or character).

Ley Lines and Energy Alignments

In 1921, Alfred Watkins (1855–1935) coined the term "ley lines" when explaining his theory that such ancient sites around Britain as various stone circles, stone groupings, burial mounds, and places of worship had been deliberately constructed to form certain alignments between and across the landscape. Except for a few isolated cases, most ley claims did not match the criteria of straight alignment, and often incorporated structures from different eras.

The Great Pyramid (of Khufu), at Giza

When the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–between 430 and 420 B.C.E.) reported on the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops, in Greek) during the fifth century B.C.E., his inquiry was impeded because the door leading into the pyramid was concealed.

The Sphinx

The Sphinx at Giza faces due east and is referred to in some Egyptian hieroglyphics as Hamachis, the god of the rising Sun. Later, Hamachis evolved into the name Hor-em-Akhet.
The Desertion of Roanoke. In 1587, a colony of 113 men, women, and children vanished from Roanoke Island. The English colonists who disappeared had remained on the island, situated off the coast of what is today North Carolina, while their governor, John White, sailed back to England to procure more supplies.

Sedona's Second City

Sedona, Arizona, located about 120 miles north of Phoenix, is hailed as being one of the most mystical places; in recent years it has become a New Age center. Many metaphysicians have maintained that there is a spiritual city that exists in another dimension directly above Sedona.

Stonehenge

"The more we dig, the more the mystery seems to deepen," said William Hawley (1851–1941), the official archaeologist of Stonehenge following World War I (1914–18). He was reporting to the press about his underfunded historical project that seemed to be languishing.

Sacsahuaman and the Skilled Stonecutters

Cuzco, the ancient capital of the Incan empire in what is now Peru, was fortified by the massive structure of Sacsahuaman on a hill above the city. This walled citadel resides on top of a cone-shaped hill 12,000 feet above sea level.

Taos Pueblo

In 1992, Taos Pueblo in New Mexico was admitted to the World Heritage Society as one of the most significant historical cultural landmarks in the world, thereby joining such sites as the Taj Mahal, the Great Pyramids, and the Grand Canyon. For many Native Americans and proponents of New Age mysticism, Taos Pueblo is also one of the primary spiritual structures on the North American continent, and it is a sacred place that does not yield its secrets to anyone other than members of the Pueblo.

Tiahuanaco

The Inca civilization of South America, unlike the Mayan, was still at its height when conquistadors arrived. One of the conquistadors, Cieza de Leon (1518–1560), followed trails from the coast of Peru into the foothills of the Andes and learned from natives about the ruins of a once great city high in the mountains.

Taxation

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Article: Taxation

SEC. 1

(a) All property is taxable and shall be assessed at the same Percentage of fair market value. When a value standard other than Fair market value is prescribed by this Constitution or by statute Authorized by this Constitution, the same percentage shall be applied To determine the assessed value. The value to which the percentage Is applied, whether it be the fair market value or not, shall be Known for property tax purposes as the full value.
(b) All property so assessed shall be taxed in proportion to its Full value.

SEC. 2

The following are exempt from property taxation:

(a) Property owned by the State.
(b) Property owned by a local government, except as otherwise Provided in Section 11(a).
(c) Bonds issued by the State or a local government in the State.
(d) Property used for libraries and museums that are free and open To the public and property used exclusively for public schools, Community colleges, state colleges, and state universities.
(e) Buildings, land, equipment, and securities used exclusively For educational purposes by a nonprofit institution of higher Education.
(f) Buildings, land on which they are situated, and equipment used
(g) Property used or held exclusively for the permanent deposit of Human dead or for the care and maintenance of the property or the Dead, except when used or held for profit. This property is also Exempt from special assessment.
(h) Growing crops.
(I) Fruit and nut trees until 4 years after the season in which They were planted in orchard form and grape vines until 3 years after Unless the dwelling is receiving another real property exemption.
(l) Vessels of more than 50 tons burden in this State and engaged In the transportation of freight or passengers.
(m) Household furnishings and personal effects not held or used in Connection with a trade, profession, or business.
(n) Any debt secured by land.
(o) Property in the amount of $1,000 of a claimant who--
(1) Is serving in or has served in and has been discharged under Honorable conditions from service in the United States Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, or Revenue Marine (Revenue Cutter) Service; and—

(2) Served either
(I) in time of war, or
(ii) In time of peace in a campaign or expedition for which a Medal has been issued by Congress, or
(iii) In time of peace and because of a service-connected Disability was released from active duty; and--
(3) Resides in the State on the current lien date. An unmarried person who owns property valued at $5,000 or more, or A married person, who, together with the spouse, owns property, Valued at $10,000 or more, is ineligible for this exemption. If the claimant is married and does not own property eligible for The full amount of the exemption, property of the spouse shall be Eligible for the unused balance of the exemption.

(p) Property in the amount of $1,000 of a claimant who--
(1) Is the unmarried spouse of a deceased veteran who met the Service requirement stated in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection 3 (o), and
(2) Does not own property in excess of $10,000, and
(3) Is a resident of the State on the current lien date?
(q) Property in the amount of $1,000 of a claimant who--
(1) Is the parent of a deceased veteran who met the service? Requirement stated in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection 3(o), and
(2) Receives a pension because of the veteran's service, and
(3) Is a resident of the State on the current lien date?

Either parent of a deceased veteran may claim this exemption.

An unmarried person who owns property valued at $5,000 or more, or A married person, who, together with the spouse, owns property, Valued at $10,000 or more, is ineligible for this exemption.

SEC.3

(a) Taxes on or measured by income may be imposed on Persons, corporations, or other entities as prescribed by law.
(b) Interest on bonds issued by the State or a local government in The State is exempt from taxes on income.
(c) Income of a nonprofit educational institution of collegiate Grade within the State of California is exempt from taxes on or
Measured by income if both of the following conditions are met:

(1) The income is not unrelated business income as defined by the
Legislature.
(2) The income is used exclusively for educational purposes.
(d) A nonprofit organization that is exempted from taxation by Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 23701) of Part 11 of Division 2 of The Revenue and Taxation Code or Subchapter F (commencing with Section 501) of Chapter 1 of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code Of 1986, or the successor of either, is exempt from any business License tax or fee measured by income or gross receipts that is Levied by a county or city, whether charter or general law, a city And county, a school district, a special district, or any other local Agency.

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Change in supply and shift in supply curve

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Changes in price of own good remaining other factors like Pr, Pf, N, T, T/S causes change in supply i.e. if price of the good increases then supply increases & vice versa. It is called changes in supply or movement in the supply curve.




















When price of own good remain constant then changes in other factors of supply causes change in supply and it is called shift in supply curve.


Supply slopes upwards to the right

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Supply slopes upward to the right because of:

1) Supply law

2) Linear supply function Qs = -c + dp

3) Diminishing marginal productivity- there is a relationship between diminishing marginal productivity and increasing marginal cost. So if increasing production causes increase in cost, price increase to have a balance. Hence if price increases the producers can produce more & can increase supply.


Properties of indifference curve

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1) Downward sloping to the right: It is because when consumer decides to have more units of one of two goods, he will have to reduce the number of units of other good, if he is to remain on the same indifference curve.


2) Non-intersecting: Different IC has different utility. Here C situated in IC1 & IC2 and have same utility which is not possible.

3) Convexity: IC is convex to the origin and MRS is diminishing.

4) Higher indifference curve shows higher satisfaction.