Talk to men will listen

How to talk so men will listen


Did you ever watch one of your colleague take credit for your ideas, been accused of being emotional, taken jokes too personally or been interrupted frequently in a meeting?

Most women will nod yes to such scenarios, say the authors of "Code Switching: How to Talk So Men Will Listen," a new book on communication, or the lack thereof, between men and women.

Men and women communicate differently, say authors Claire Damken Brown and Audrey Nelson, in ingrained styles learned from birth and deeply embedded in the workplace structure.

They propose "code switching," which they describe as using knowledge of more than one culture and language to communicate.

"It's a travel guide, in a way, to another country with another culture," Nelson said in an interview with Reuters about the book, published by Alpha Books.

The differences in men's and women's styles create a persistent "credibility gap," where women are credited with less authority and power than men, they write.

"The biggest complaint I have gotten for 30 years from all levels, all professions of women, is, 'How can I get men to take me seriously?'" Nelson said. "This book is to build a bridge in that credibility gap."

Men have lost about three-quarters of the jobs during the recession, but having more women in the workplace does not necessarily bring change, the authors say.

"There are more of us but do not assume because the person is a woman that she is on board," Nelson said.

"There are a number of women out there that are still happy to accommodate men, that do not want to rock the boat, that have no assertive skills and don't want them."

Signs of the gender difference are everywhere, they write. Women apologize more than men, play the role of "office mom" to whom everyone confides and offer more subjective opinions.

Men tell more jokes, but women laugh at them more. Men want solutions to problems while women look for understanding of problems, and men like to play devil's advocate while women want to help everyone to agree, they say.

Even in e-mails, men banter and write short to-the-point messages, while women share personal information and express appreciation and support in longer messages, they say.

Brown hailed from the corporate world, where she worked at companies like AT&T and Lucent Technologies, while Nelson is a veteran communication consultant.

Their book proposes tools to help women bridge that communication gap, such as steps to respond to interruptions, with suggested phrases and body language.

"Part of our goal in this book is to make women more self-conscious," said Nelson. "Step up to the plate. Do something about it."

It was not intended to be a "whining, bitching session," said Nelson. Nor is it "male bashing," Brown added.

Memory Enhancement Techniques

Memory Enhancement Techniques

It is common for people to fail tests in which they are required to recall what they have just done minutes earlier. As individuals are required to recall increasing amounts of information, it is important to strengthen strategies for developing memory skills to successfully meet the challenges of today. Memory improvement can take place four simple techniques, which include activating the mind, invoking enthusiasm, using association, and conducting a mental review.

One important technique for enhancing memory skills is to activate the mind. According to Daly, Gaulding, Barrett, Hanson, and Pulakos, when adult learners take an active role in their “learning by asking questions, responding creatively, and processing new information in other ways, you are automatically storing the information in a richer, more elaborate form, connecting it with other data”. Often adults rely on previous learning techniques, which are ineffective. Instead, a more active, selfengaging mode of “learning will result in increased recall ability”.

A second strategy for sharpening memory is to invoke personal enthusiasm for that which is being learned.Gene Malcolm and Paul Trumann of the Center for Advanced Learning (CAL) note that people who view learning as an exciting opportunity and see new intellectual activity as an adventure are three times more likely to retain that which is being learned. However, passive learners often are unable to recall new information after a 24 hour period. The CAL findings indicated that by simply becoming excited about learning itself, one can improve memory. Harrison and Schmiechen confirm this claim that stimulating opportunities are more likely to be retained if the learning environment is interactive (2003).

Using association is another memory enhancement technique, which makes a connection between facts by utilizing creative, sequential, and exaggerated images. Tony Buzan provides key theorems for making a connection between feelings, thoughts, and ideas in one’s mind or imagination. By making these associations, the learner is more likely to remember the new information because it is being related to something already established.

Association simple is important. If the connection is too complex, the link becomes confusing and indirect, thereby less effective. Furthermore, by “developing connections with mnemonic strategies, one is able to retain information for extended periods of times”. To associate real world experiences are a critical part of memory because many times the generalizations made from memory recall with regard to daily application enhances association made between previous and new experiences. Lemar Borman and Maria Lopez contend,

Our brains evolved to code and interpret complex stimuli ­ images, colors, structures, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, positions, emotions, and language. We use these to make sophisticated models of the world we live in. Our memories store all of these very effectively.

Unfortunately, information we have to remember is almost always presented in only one way ­as words printed on a page. While it [language] is one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to our minds. Using mnemonic strategies for remembering sequence, lists, or patterns is a highly effective technique for not only remembering details, but strengthening the brain.

A final memory enrichment technique is to conduct mental reviews. Once a task is selected, a mental note should be made. About five minutes later, the learner should review the main points. Again, the key factors should be reviewed about an hour later. This step is to be repeated about three hours later, then six hours, and before going to sleep. If the learner will repeat the process again over the next few days, spaced evenly throughout the day, the authors maintain that the material will remain “fresh in the mind… making it easy.

NIIT

INTRODUCTION

The Blue Valley High School

Case study: 02

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The Blue valley high school situated in Boston is one of the prestigious and widely renowned schools. It offers graduate programs in management and sciences. The high school campus also provides a hostel, which can accommodate 500 students. Recently, the high school management has realized the growing need of network connectivity, round the clock library facility and mailing services for students. Therefore, the management has decided to connect the whole campus over a single network and provide online library and mailing services to the students residing in the campus. The future plans are to connect to their university network in California.

Goals to be achieved:

a. Requirement analysis
b. Logical design
c. Physical design
d. Investment justification
e. Scalability analysis
f. Security measures



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

Blue valley high school is one of the well known schools in Boston. It provides to students variety of course in management and science and a large campus. Off late, the management decided to connect the whole campus with network connectivity for library facility and mailing service of the students. In future they have planned to expand their network in California.

Requirement analysis:

For the Blue valley high school the Single are network or Local area network (LAN) has to be planned in such a way where all services have to available (online round the clock library facility and mailing services for students). ..............................


SCALABILITY ANALYSIS

1. In future, if the main School wants expand its branches and like to connect to those branches, the existing web server can be utilized, one more NIC can be put on the web server to connect to the internet and firewall and router device will be required for the same.

2. For the better communication and facilitating more use of internet in both of domain there is the possibility to add more computers for 500 students. There will no create any such problem for in near future if introducing more computers.

3. For a better database server the school would use Oracle for the better database management in future.

SECURITY MEASURES

-Login information of the students is created by Active directortory service in both operating systems. So whenever the user tries to connect, the user authenticated will be verified by user name and password
-The administrator will give the access for that information that is beneficial for the students not the critical and confidential data.
-The machines are protected by antivirus software for virus attacks.
-Database server, web server and mail server should not be accessed by students for the security measurements.
-There should be a firewall in router for the unauthorized attacks.

REFERENCE:


1. Introduction to protocols and TCP/IP-Computer networks and internet by Douglas E.Comer, URL: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/itodoc/routing.html
2. Network security: Firewalls and internet security by William R. cheswick, Steven M. Bellovin, Aviel D. Rubin,
URL: http://www.ssh.com/support/cryptography/introduction/cryptanalysis.html
3. Networking fundamentals: network certification by Michael Meyers, URL: http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~de/Cn-L3.pdf


Contact me for more details.............

Project charter

Project charter:

For a company executing the project either regularly or for the 1st time it would be necessary for the chief executive to issue what may be called a project charter. Soon after the project manager is appointed the charter at its minimum may define the project scope, project goal, name of the project manager and his directing authority, name to the project recovering authority and request co operation of all consultant in the execution of the project.

Project organization:

An organization chart is most cases simple and quickest way to demonstrate to the project manger authorities. Detail such s where the project manager in position to whom he reports, those with whom he communicate all those who report to him will tell much about a project manger authority through not in very clear terms.

What Affects Memory?

What Affects Memory?

People in there 50’s or 60’s generally begin to experience a decline in their ability to remember things. This age-associated memory impairment appears to affect short-term memory more than long-term memory. The process of retrieval also slows down with age. Other factors affecting memory include:

• some prescription drugs.
• fatigue.
• depression.
• poor nutrition.
• hearing and/or vision problem.
• alcohol overuse.
• brain trauma.
• certain diseases, e.g. stroke, Alzheimer’s.
• external distractions, e.g. noise.
• internal distractions, e.g. physical discomfort, emotions.

Memory Improvement Tips

Just as regular physical exercise helps your body to stay healthy, being mentally active helps your mind and memory to stay fit. Here are some ways to help you improve your memory:

1. Make up rhymes or songs.
2. Compose a mental picture.
3. Apply association. By linking new information with something that is already stored in long-term memory, your chance of remembering increases. For instance, you have just been introduced to a group of people and the only name you can remember is Sally because your sister’s name is Sally. Your mind has automatically associated the new Sally with the old Sally.
4. Make use of the five senses to store new information, whenever possible. For example, when you meet someone new, find the person’s unique characteristics by studying the person’s face and paying. attention to his/her voice. Wear prescription glasses or hearing aid when necessary.
5. Repeat and rehearse new information.
6. Eat a healthy diet. A poor diet can affect your overall health. There is no magic food or pill that can boost your memory. Contrary to traditional beliefs, eating animal brains will not improve your memory. In fact, animal brains are high in cholesterol and may clog up your arteries.
7. Get adequate rest. Concentration and learning decrease when you’re tired.
8. Stay mentally active. Play games that stimulate your memory, e.g. chess, bridge. Go to lectures or classes.
9. Stay physically active. Exercise improves the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain.

Other Techniques To Help You

Remember

1. Use memory aids:
- calendar or appointment books to keep track of birthdays, doctor’s appointment, payment due dates, etc. timer or alarm clocks to remind you to turn things on and off.
- notebooks to make lists and to write things down.
- medication organizers (boxes) to help you.
- remember when to take your medications.
2. Organize your home. Use file cabinets or drawers to keep important documents, bills, bank statements, etc. in order.
3. Designate a specific place for your personal items such as eyeglasses, wallet, and keys. Always put them in the same place each time.
4. Ask friends or family members to remind you.

Hedging Foreign Exchange

Solution for Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk in Microfinance Investments

Introduction

As the number of microfinance institutions (MFIs) that rely on commercial sources of funding grows, the issue of foreign exchange (FX) risk is becoming a more prevalent concern for
both investors and MFIs. The risk to investments posed by currency fluctuations has led many microfinance investment vehicles (MIVs) to lend predominately in dollars or euros. While this practice of lending in hard currency protects investors, it shifts the FX risk to MFIs, which employ the hard currency debt to fund portfolios of micro loans denominated in local currency. This currency mismatch between the MFIs’ loans and the capital that funds MFIs creates risk to the MFI: if the local currency of the country in which an MFI operates depreciates against the U.S. dollar, then the MFI will be saddled with a largerthan-anticipated debt obligation. Recognizing that MFIs are poorly equipped to manage FX risk, the microfinance industry is
currently seeking ways to minimize or eliminate the FX risk inherent to its global business.

One proposal in particular, appears promising: creating a “natural
hedge” by pooling loans denominated in different emerging market
currencies.

• 1. Creating a pool of currency risks that would be managed by financial advisors familiar with FX trading and risk management; and
  


• 2. Employing capital sourced from the philanthropic community to create a "backstop" that would allow the portfolio to weather short-term turbulence in the markets.
  

To achieve optimal FX risk management, it is essential that the microfinance industry benefit from the risk management expertise of the financial sector. Therefore propose a partnership between the private sector and philanthropic community to overcome a major obstacle which currently prevents the private sector from providing risk management services to the microfinance industry. It would draw upon the established infrastructure and expertise of the former and the patient capital of the latter. Such a collaborative effort will build a portfolio of currency exposures that assumes the FX risks facing MFIs. The partnership will allow MFIs to reduce or eliminate FX risk, thereby alleviating the mismatch between revenue and debt, securing the real value of their debt obligations, and providing added stability to their business models. By effectively leveraging the expertise and resources of one and the financial resources of the other, such collaboration across sectors has the potential to eradicate a major source of risk to microfinance investments.

Creating a pool of FX risks

The creation of a foreign exchange risk management service (or RMS) that would pool together the FX risk of microfinance investments across different MIVs. RMS would assume the FX risk by entering into a forward contract that allows an MIV to lock in a future exchange rate. In this way, an MIV would be immune to future fluctuations in exchange rates, and RMS would be able to manage the FX risk through diversification. There have been efforts that seek to mitigate FX risk through portfolio diversification, but so far, a solution tailored to the needs of the microfinance community has yet to exist.

The concept of mitigating risk through diversification is based on modern portfolio theory, which proposes that grouping relatively uncorrelated and diversified investments will reduce the risk of an overall portfolio, allowing the portfolio to weather economic disruptions that impact specific investments. Underperformance or value loss that affects some portions of the portfolio should be counteracted by the positive performance of other portions of the portfolio. With sufficient diversification across positions that move independently from one another over time, the portfolio will aim to produce stable long-term returns.

RMS takes a slightly different approach by allowing investors to parcel out the FX risk from the credit risk of their investments through the use of derivatives. The separation of FX risk from credit risk allows investors to issue local currency loans to MFIs without facing the risk of local-currency depreciation. By eliminating currency risk, MIVs will be able to focus on their core business of analyzing and managing the credit risk of loans to MFIs. This separation of FX risk from credit risk would ultimately benefits MFIs, as loan margins would then reflect only their credit risk. Given the fact that many of the MFIs receiving commercial funding have a strong credit standing, this should reduce the overall cost of debt. Diagram 1 below illustrates how hedging the FX risk lowers the cost of borrowing to MFIs.

To create a portfolio of FX risk, RMS enters into non-deliverable forward contracts (NDF) with MIVs. NDFs are forward contracts that set an exchange rate for a future date. The term “non-deliverable” refers to the fact that no actual exchange of currencies takes place. Rather, at the settlement of the contract, the two parties settle the difference between the spot exchange rate and the previously agreedupon exchange rate in a hard currency (generally U.S. dollars). By allowing settlement in hard currency, NDFs avoid the potential problems of converting and expatriating illiquid currencies. As each NDF contract matures, RMS will either make a payment to, or receive a payment from, the MIV counterparty, depending on whether the currency depreciated or appreciated relative to the U.S. dollar. The settlement amount will be determined by comparing the exchange rate specified in the NDF contract with the spot exchange rate on the date of settlement and multiplying the difference by the notional value of the contract. All settlements will be in USD, thereby avoiding the complexities and costs of delivering local currencies. A significant benefit of NDFs is the absence of an upfront cost—the cost of the hedge is factored into the future exchange rate. For currencies that are traded, like the Indian rupee and the Mexican peso, there are NDF markets from which RMS can take its price. For other currencies, however, RMS will set a price based on the principle of covered interest rate parity. Covered interest rate parity postulates that the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate is determined by the interest rate differential between the two countries, such that no arbitrage opportunities exist to crystallize profit by shifting capital to higher interest rate countries.

Finance concept

Finance concept

Today i decided to write something about the concept about Fiance. What is finance? To find out this question lets try to put some definition, likewise, Finance is the core topic of economics. Before 1890 Finance was the part of economics. But now a days it has its well distinction that apart from it to different branches.

So, Finance in a simple word, its an art of collecting fund and utilizing those fund efficiently and effectively. But it is narrow concept.

According to the prof Stevenson,

"Finance means the ways by which funds can be collected and management and distribute of the funds become possible."

Broadly speaking, Finance is the analysis of think in advance and future fund for finding out the following questions:

1. what to do?
2. how to do?
3. when to do?

Marginal Productivity

Marginal Productivity Theory

Thomas Palley with more on the acceptance of heterodox views within the economics profession. Thomas discusses the neoclassical theory of income distribution. Since this theory was first published by J. B. Clark over a century ago, it has been controversial. J.M. Clark, his son and also a prominent economist, wrote that his father's ideas on marginal productivity and the distribution of income are ethical statements "oriented at Marx, and are best construed as an earnest, and not meticulously qualified, rebuttal of Marxian exploitation theory." Clark believed that each factor of production would receive a return just equal to its contribution to society (the value of its marginal product) and hence the distribution of income was ethically correct.

There have been many, many objections to the normative conclusions drawn by Clark from his marginal product theory. To name a few, it requires perfect competition, it rewards factors, not individuals (owning capital and land gives the owners income, but the income is for the contribution of the factors, not for the contributions of individuals receiving the income), there is no meaningful way to separate the contributions of factors to total product (when crops grow, was it the hoe used to weed the plot of land, or the person operating it?)

Marginal productivity theory gives an explanation for why income is distributed in a particular way. The question is whether it provides an adequate theory for understanding the flow of income to the factors of production, and I think it does provide such a basis. So it helps us to understand why income is distributed as it is, but arguing about whether the result is equitable or not is fruitless since it will depend upon the definition of equity used to evaluate the outcome, and the definition can differ across individuals.

My own view is that we don't need, at least not yet, to discard the standard theoretical model. Instead, and there has been a lot of work in this direction, we should first be sure that incorporating market and political power relationships into the standard structures won't explain what we observe in the world. Dani Rodrik states this as "I think the best antidote against the blind spots is neoclassical economics itself." When someone invokes marginal productivity theory's ethical implications, as they do, say, when they argue that CEO pay is justified because it reflects CEO's contributions to the firm's output (and hence to society more generally), they are implicitly assuming that the assumptions of the perfectly competitive market hold when it's doubtful that they do. Markets can fail in a variety of ways and the neoclassical model of pure competition can serve as a useful benchmark for understanding how departures from an idealized structure will resolve themselves as people interact in the marketplace. Too many people argue from the standpoint of the perfectly competitive model when it simply doesn't apply and I would be happy, at least as a start, if the discussions of these issues would do a better job at recognizing that the competitive model is an idealized benchmark to evaluate actual markets, but not an outcome we should necessarily expect in the real world.

Leadership role

Leadership role

Preparing your employees for future leadership roles consists of two activities: planning and development. Planning includes the following activities:

• identifying employees who show potential for assuming greater responsibility

• assessing those individuals against some kind of leadership model to understand their strengths and development needs

• developing your leadership model or set of models that describe the elements of leadership critical to your organization

• identifying the kinds of roles that will need to be filled

• ensuring a flow of succession opportunities even if it means removing current leaders that are performing adequately in their role

Developing future leaders goes beyond the classroom. In fact, successful leaders cite other factors besides training when asked to describe their best source of preparation:

• stretch experiences
• a formative mentor
• dealing with hardship and conflict

Project Termination

"Project Termination"

Project termination activities recognize key learning's from the project, acknowledge the client's development, and identify next steps for you and your client. They also help to avoid "project creep" where the project never ends because the requirements for success keep expanding.

Possible Organizational Development Activities ("Interventions") to Use in Change Management Processes. The field of Organization Development uses a variety of processes, approaches, methods, techniques, applications, etc., (these are often termed "interventions") to address organizational issues and goals in order to increase performance.

How People Choose Organizational Development Activities. There are no standard activities that always successfully address certain types of issues in organizations. Many times, the success of a project lies not with having selected the perfect choice of activities, but rather with how honest and participative people were during the project, how much they learned and how open they were to changing their plans for change.

However, there are some basic considerations that most people make when selecting from among the many choices for organizational development, or capacity building, activities. Considerations include:

First, does the change-management method (if one was used) suggest what organizational development activities to use now, for example, the method of strategic management might suggest that a SWAT analysis be done, strategic goals be established along with action plans for each goal, and then implementation of the action plans be closely monitored. Is the activity most likely to address the findings from the discovery, that is, to solve the problems or achieve the goals? To find out, review any research about use of the activity, discuss the potential outcomes with experts and also with members of the organization. Consider posing your questions in online groups of experts about change. Does the nature of the activity match the culture of the organization? The best way to find out is to discuss the activity with members of the organization. Does the change agent and key members of the organization have the ability to conduct the activity?

For example, techno structural and strategic interventions sometimes require technical skills that are not common to many people. Does the activity require more time to conduct than the time available in which to address the problem or goal?

For example, a cash crisis requires immediate attention, so while a comprehensive strategic planning process might ultimately be useful, the four to five months to do that planning is impractical. Does the client's organization have the resources that are necessary to conduct the activity, considering resources such as funding, attention and time from people and facilities.

Change Management

Overview of Change Management

Clearing Up the Language About Organizational Change and Development There are several phrases regarding organizational change and development that look and sound a lot alike, but have different meanings. As a result of the prominence of the topic, there seems to be increasingly different interpretations of some of these phrases, while others are used interchangeably. Without at least some sense of the differences between these phrases, communications about organizational change and development can be increasingly vague, confusing and frustrating.

An Orientation to Change Management

There are different overall types of organizational change, including planned versus unplanned, organization-wide versus change primarily to one part of the organization, incremental (slow, gradual change) versus transformational (radical, fundamental), etc. Knowing which types of change you are doing helps all participants to retain scope and perspective during the many complexities and frequent frustrations during change. Read the following article to understand more about each type of change.

Four Change Management Strategies

There are numerous well-organized approaches (or models) from which to manage a change effort. Some of the approaches have been around for many years we just haven't thought of them as such. For example, many organizations undertake strategic planning. The implementation of strategic planning, when done in a systematic, cyclical and explicit approach, is strategic management. Strategic management is also one model for ensuring the success of a change effort. The following links provide more perspectives on approaches to managing change. (Note that, with the maturation of the field of OD, there are now more strong opinions about which are change management approaches and which are not there seems to be no standard interpretation yet.)

Example of a Planned, Systemic Change Process Action Research A typical planned, systemic (and systematic) organizational development process often follows an overall action research approach (as described below). There are many variations of the action research approach, including by combining its various phases and/or splitting some into more phases. This section provides resources that are organized into one variation of the action research approach. Note that the more collaborative you are in working with members of the organization during the following process, the more likely the success of your overall change effort.

Phase 1: Clarifying Expectations and Roles for Change Process This phase is sometimes called the "Contracting" and/or "Entry" phase. This phase is usually where the relationship between you (the initial change agent) and your client starts, whether you are an external or internal consultant. Experts assert that this phase is one of the most -if not the most - important phases in the organizational change process. Activities during this stage form the foundation for successful organizational change. The quality of how this phase is carried out usually is a strong indicator of how the project will go. Types of Clients (this helps answer the critical question: "Who is the current client?")

Phase 2: Joint Discovery to Identify Priorities for Change The more collaborative the change agent is in working with members of the client's organization, the more likely that the change effort will be successful. Your client might not have the resources to fully participate in all aspects of this discovery activity the more participation they can muster, the better off your project will be. Whether you are an external or internal change agent in this project, you and your client will work together during this phase to understand more about the overall priority of the change effort and how you all can effectively address it. It might be a major problem in the organization or an exciting vision to achieve. Together, you will collect information, analyze it to identify findings and conclusions, and then make recommendations from that information. Sometimes the data-collection effort is very quick, for example, facilitating a large planning meeting. Other times, the effort is more extensive, for example, evaluating an entire organization and developing a complete plan for change. The nature of discovery also depends on the philosophy of the change agent and client. For example, subscribers to the philosophy of Appreciative Inquiry (referenced above) might conduct discovery, not by digging into the number and causes of problems in the organization, but by conducting interviews to discover the visions and wishes of people in the organization.

Sometimes, people minimize the importance of - or altogether skip this critical discovery phase, and start change management by articulating an ambitious and comprehensive vision for change. Many would argue that it is unethical to initiate a project for organizational change without fully examining (or discovering) the current situation in the client's organization. Focusing most of the change efforts on achieving a robust vision, without at least some careful discovery, often can be harmful to your client's organization because your project can end up dealing with symptoms of any current issues, rather than the root causes. Also, the project could end up pushing an exciting vision that, while initially inspiring and motivating to many, could be completely unrealistic to achieve especially if the organization already has many current, major issues to address. Therefore, when working to guide change in an organization that already is facing several significant issues, you are usually better off to start from where your client is at that usually means conducting an effective discovery to identify priorities for change.

Phase 3: Joint Planning of Organizational Development Activities to AddressPriorities. In the previous phase about discovery, you and your client conducted research, discovered various priorities that needed attention, generated recommendations to address those priorities, and shared your information with others, for example, in a feedback meeting. Part of that meeting included discussions and, hopefully, decisions about the overall mutual recommendations that your client should follow to in order address the priorities that were identified by you and your client during your discovery. This phase is focused on further clarifying those recommendations, along with developing them into various action plans. The various plans are sometimes integrated into an overall change management plan. Thus, the early activities in this phase often overlap with, and are a continuation of, the activities near the end of the earlier discovery phase. This is true whether you are an external or internal consultant. Action plans together can now provide a clear and realistic vision for change. They provide the "roadmap" for managing the transition from the present state to the desired future state. Development of the various action plans is often an enlightening experience for your client as members of their organization begin to realize a more systematic approach to their planning and day-to-day activities. As with other activities during change management, plans can vary widely in how they are developed. Some plans are very comprehensive and systematic (often the best form used for successful change). Others are comprised of diverse sections that are expected to somehow integrate with each other. Subscribers to the philosophy of Appreciative Inquiry (referenced above) might do planning by building on past positive outcomes and on the strengths of members of the organization.

Phase 4: Change Management and Joint Evaluation. During this phase, emphasis is on sustaining and evaluating the change effort, including by addressing resistance that arises from members of the organization and sometimes in the change agent, as well. Client's Ongoing Communication of Action Plans Basics of Writing and Communicating Plans (in context of strategic planning, but applies to change management plans, too)

During this phase, if the implementation of the plans gets stalled for a long time, for example, many months, then you might cycle back to an earlier phase in the process in order to update and restart the change management project. Projects can get stuck for a variety of reasons, e.g., if the overall situation changes (there suddenly are new and other priorities in
the client's organization), people succumb to burnout, key people leave the organization, the relationship between the consultant and client changes, or people refuse to implement action plans.

Performance Management

Understanding Organizational Performance Management

Organizational change should not be conducted for the sake of change.

Organizational change efforts should be geared to improve the performance of organizations and the people in those organizations. Therefore, it's useful to have some understanding of what is meant by "performance" and the various methods to manage performance in organizations.

The field of Organization Development is focused on improving the effectiveness of organizations and the people in those organizations.

Organizations, Leadership and Management

Organizations, Leadership and Management

To really understand organizational change and begin guiding successful change efforts, the change agent should have at least a broad understanding of the context of the change effort. This includes understanding the basic systems and structures in organizations, including their typical terms and roles. This requirement applies to the understanding of leadership and management of the organizations, as well. That is why graduate courses in business often initially include a course or some discussion on organizational theory. This topic includes several links to help you gain this broad understanding. The following links (broadly reviewed in the following order) might be helpful to establish some sense about organizations, and their leadership and management.


Introduction to Organizations (to get a sense for the system, forms, roles and structures)

Introduction to Leadership (to get a sense for what leadership is, its scope, and where it might fit during change)

Introduction to Management (to get a sense about planning, organizing and controlling resources).

Organizational Change

Organizational Change

Why Is It Critical for Leaders and Managers to Be Successful at Organizational Change?

Because It's Their Job Significant organizational change occurs, for example, when an organization changes its overall strategy for success, adds or removes a major section or practice, and/or wants to change the very nature by which it operates. It also occurs when an organization evolves through various life cycles, just like people must successfully evolve through life cycles. For organizations to develop, they often must undergo significant change at various points in their development. That's why the topic of organizational change and development has become widespread in communications about business, organizations, leadership and management.
Leaders and managers continually make efforts to accomplish successful and significant change it's inherent in their jobs. Some are very good at this effort (probably more than we realize), while others continually struggle and fail. That's often the difference between people who thrive in their roles and those that get shuttled around from job to job, ultimately settling into a role where they're frustrated and ineffective.

There are many approaches to guiding change some planned, structured and explicit, while others are more organic, unfolding and implicit. Some approaches work from the future to the present, for example, involving visioning and then action planning about how to achieve that vision. Other approaches work from the present to the future, for example, identifying current priorities (issues and/or goals) and then action planning about to address those priorities.

Different people often have very different and strong opinions about how change should be conducted. Thus, it is likely that some will disagree with some of the content in this topic. That's what makes this topic so diverse, robust and vital for us all.

Resources Based view(RBV)

Resources Based view(RBV)

Firms differ from one another due to the some reasons like:

Tangible resources: can be easily identified and include production facilities and financial assets.

Intangible resources: can not be seen or touched but felt due to their benefits/ advantages. For example, brand names, company’s reputation.

Organizational capabilities: skills or ability to combine assets, people and process to transform inputs into outputs. For example, customer service, distribution coverage etc.

Team building in project management

Team building in project management

To meet the uncertainties in project management a technique may be used for contact arrangement in project management is know as team building. If the people can be forget into a team there would not be any need for an celebrate contract, on the other hand any amount of contract can not make team and cause quaintly can not avoid all sorts of uncertainties that may arise due to the same amount of effort is therefore too much to build the team for the execution of a project.

7 c’s of team building

Conceiving: it is the interrelationship model that will become operative for the realization of the project objective likewise, one is depend to another which will become 1st coloring at 1st

Concurring: make the member concerning this (you have to inform when you start concurring the last)

Commitments: only when they obtain concur it then it would be possible to obtain commitments for them.

Communicating: there must be all round communication of the requirements and comittement made by each member.

Co-coordinating: a total co-ordination must exist so that a short fall any where in the line does not upset the team balance.

Council lings: the defaulting member must be cancelled to exercise more self control so that it makes an all out effort to meet his commitments.

Control: when self discipline does not work and the smoke e and harmonious working is being effected control must be exercised to bring that working in link with the requirements.

Working Your Way Through College

Working Your Way Through College

• The road ahead of you will be well worth it, but like anything good you must do some hard work to get to the end of that road. Working your way through college may be hard, but at the end it is a rewarding experience. Always remember, however, that while you are working your education is your highest priority. Your job should never make you come to work over going to school. If you work in a place like that then you should consider changing your employment place to one that appreciates your college education. A job should never come first before class or any class required activities. How you juggle extracurricular activities will be up to you. Also, remember that while you are working you are also paying for your education, which is just another good reason to go to class.

  Depending on your degree, you may choose to find employment in an area that compliments your major. Gaining on the job experience while going to college is an awesome way to insure that you really want to pursue that career. You will get an idea of how you would feel working for that company for an extended period of time. You will also
  get a taste of what life is like on a daily basis in that career. You will be able to make well-informed decisions on your major and degree plan. For example, if you are going to veterinarian school and you a pre-vet major, you would be wise to find local veterinarians who could use some help and will work around your school schedule. If you are an aspiring journalist or mass communications major, then you should look into part-time jobs at your
  local newspapers, radio stations and new stations. Many colleges also have their own broadcasting networks in the college that employ college students or require working there as classes or labs.
  
  You are bound to find many hardships while working your way through college and it is always a good idea to have a plan. Students should develop a budget and insure that they will be able to pay their rent, buy groceries, necessities and school supplies. Students should also consider saving as much money as possible while attending school. Base your work hours and your school schedule upon this budget. You will be able to figure out how many hours you will need to work per week to live happily.
  

  Jobs that generally work well with school schedules are restaurants, grocery stores, retail stores and on-campus jobs. These jobs usually hire part-time employees and are generally flexible with your work hours. Other employers that are in your major will generally work with students to help them out and help them gain experience. They are usually excited to see students who want to enter their field and will provide you with as much information as possible. On-campus jobs are great because you can have your pay goes towards paying for your dorm and other school expenses. If those expenses are already paid for, then they will pay you directly and they have no choice but to work with your academic schedule.
  

Asthma

Asthma

Asthma is a common health condition which makes it difficult to breathe. When it is severe, asthma can be a life threatening condition. While the broad term ‘asthma’ is often used to describe this condition, there are actually many different types of asthma. The different categories of asthma are based on the various triggers that can cause asthma symptoms or attacks to appear.

Allergic asthma occurs when an individual’s asthma is triggered by a reaction to allergens such as pet dander or pollen. Family history can play a role in being at risk for this type of asthma. In some cases, individuals may experience what is known as seasonal asthma. In this type of asthma, individuals most often experience asthma symptoms during certain seasons, especially when pollen is released in the air. Spring is often the worst time for this type of asthma. The presence of ragweed in the fall can also trigger seasonal asthma.

Non allergic asthma does not have any association with allergies. In this case, individuals may experience difficulty breathing due to triggers such as irritants in the air. These irritants may include wood smoke, tobacco smoke, pine odors, room deodorizers, cleaning products, fresh paint, air pollution and perfumes. Even changes in the air temperature or exercises can also induce a non allergic asthma attack.

Another category of asthma is exercise induced asthma. These types of asthma attacks are induced by physical activity. In some cases, asthma may be triggered during the night. This type of asthma attack commonly occurs in the early hours of the morning and may also be present in specific types of asthma, such as allergic asthma and non allergic asthma.

Women who have asthma and become pregnant may also experience a higher concentration of asthma attacks during their pregnancies.

Asthma may also be triggered by an occupational trigger, such as fume or dusts that are in the air where the individual works. The best way to cope with this type of asthma is to reduce the concentration of agents in the air.

In learning how to cope with asthma, it is important to discuss with a healthcare provider the exact type of asthma that is present. This can help to choose the correct treatment as well as to learn how to effectively cope with it. In most instances, the best way to cope with asthma is to reduce exposure to specific triggers.

Types of asthma are based on:

A. Symptoms
B. Triggers of attacks
C. The individual who is suffering from the attack
Which type of asthma is triggered by a reaction to an allergen?

A. Allergic asthma
B. Non allergic asthma
C. Occupational asthma
D. Exercise induced asthma

Which of the following might be a trigger for a non allergic asthma attack?

A. Ragweed
B. Pollen
C. Tobacco smoke
D. Exercise
What is an effective way to cope with asthma?

A. Speak to your doctor
B. Reduce exposure to triggers
C. Remain indoors
D. Both A and B

Global warming

Global warming

Today, global warming is an undeniable fact, which proves that our planet and its climate are in trouble. Global warming affects all areas of our life: politics, economics and a social sphere. The study of global warming involves many sciences in order to examine the causes of global warming and try to find possible solutions to reduce the impact of our civilization on the planet. An interdisciplinary research in this field is important, because global warming is caused by many factors and has an impact on different spheres of our life. For instance, climate science is aimed to investigate the changes caused by global warming.

Geology examines the impact of human activities (drilling) on climate. Economic science helps to understand economic benefits and material losses caused by severe weather conditions taking into account results obtained by Climate science and Geology. Economic science investigates and develops measures to reduce negative impact of economic activity on climate and global warming. Taking into account the information mentioned above, it is evident that an interdisciplinary research is crucial, because one science is unable to solve the problem of global warming without collaboration with other disciplines. The increased incidents of severe weather point to global warming and human as factors. Therefore, remedies must be found to solve this problem".

I. Natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornados are the result of global warming. Recent years, hurricanes have become a great problem for many coastal villages and towns around the world. Scientists explain that hurricanes are caused by heated water and variations of sea level. For instance, according to Avery: “the computerized global climate models predict we'll get more and bigger storms as the planet warms”, which results in severe weather conditions. Avery explains that "heat in the atmosphere is the fuel that leads to stormy weather," and "weather disasters are occurring with ever-greater intensity and frequency around the world." (Avery, n.d.). So, it is evident that this “fuel” in the atmosphere is the result of human activities (gas emissions and other pollutant) which lead to the heated atmosphere and hurricanes.

Nevertheless, there is an opposite view supposing that “the present hurricane surge is part of a 60 to 70-year cycle linked to natural effects” (Briggs, 2005), and has nothing to do with heated weather conditions. Unfortunately, nobody can reject the fact that thousands of tons of mercury, lead, and other heavy metals are put into the water and air each year in the form of liquids and gases, which cause the sea temperature increase. Heavy metals, like pesticides, are long lasting and can spread over large areas. Algae and fish are disappeared and natural processes of adsorption stops. These changes in biosphere resulted in global warming.

b) Tornados is another problem caused by heated water. This phenomenon was proved by Carter who stated that tornados are caused by temperature increase and storm chasing. He illustrates this fact stating that ‘the escalation in extreme weather conditions over the past two decades has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of storm conditions” (Carter, 2005). Some scientists try to explain tornados and storms as a result of changing weather conditions neglecting the influence of global warming on this process.

To conclude, it is possible to say that the majority of scientists agree that global warming and “green house effect” are the main reasons why we suffer from hurricanes, tornados and storms, and as predicted, will suffer even greatly if do not take pain to reduce pollution. Economic science states that tornados and hurricanes have a great impact on economic situation in many countries, and have a negative influence on market situation in the world. They ruin crops and resulted in famine, they ruin houses and caused death of thousands of people.
II. The impact of human activities on the global warming is evident. Humanity is caused severe weather by a number of ways, including pollution and drilling. People have always polluted their surroundings, but throughout much of history, pollution was not a major problem.
a) Today, environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity. Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides.

The warming or “Greenhouse effect” we are now experiencing is a result of carbon dioxide we have dumped into the air. It turns clear, odorless air into hazy, smelly air that harms health, kills plants, and damages property. In general, air pollution and global warming results from pouring hundreds of millions of tons of gases and participates into the atmosphere including the major greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane (CH4), the halocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide. So called "trace gases" make up the remainder of air's composition. Most air pollution results from combustion (burning) processes. Each time a fuel is burned in a combustion process, some type of pollutant is released into the air, and ruin ozone layer, which protects the Earth from radiation. As a result our atmosphere is heated, and climate becomes warmer.

Except air pollution, soil pollutants (fertilizers) come into the water and resulted in acid rain which has become an increasingly serious problem caused severe weather. This pollutant forms when moisture in the air combines with nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide released by automobiles, by factories, and by power plants that burn coal or oil. The reaction between the moisture and the chemical compounds produces nitric and sulfuric acids. It also reduces the amount of oxygen that water can hold. The addition of heated water is called thermal pollution. It occurs when heated water is added to a body of water. Most heated water comes from industries and power plants that use water for cooling. Another major pollutant is fuel oil, which enters oceans mainly from oil tankers and offshore oil wells. As it was mentioned above, this heated water causes such disasters as tornados and hurricanes.

According to the recent researches, human activities do not influence global warming and do not heat the atmosphere. They found that “levels of human-sourced emission dwarf anything produced by even the largest recent eruptions (e.g. Krakatoa) and the ice-core record shows that, while records of past massive eruptions are preserved as layers rich in volcanic dust and sulphur dioxide, there are no CO2 ‘spikes’ of eruptive origin” (Global Warming: A Perspective from Earth History, 2005). Even if it is so and air pollution is not influence by human activities, humanity should take measures to reduce emissions and high level of carbine dioxide in the air they breath in.

b) Drilling is another cause which is closely connected with global warming. It has been found that: “the shorter period for frozen tundra "appears consistent with findings of general warming in the Alaska Arctic associated with global climate change." (Nesmith, 2003).Scientists suppose that removal of an ice core and building of the roads in winter have a direct impact on global warming. Melting of snow resulted in temperature rise. Drilling Ice Cores has a very negative effect on climate in tundra areas. The process of drilling includes burning in large, open areas producing harmful gases when burned. Another problem is that, in the meantime, the drilling is increasing rapidly. New territories are required for explorations and maintenance of equipment. Arctic areas are the most attractive for oil companies, because they propose uncurtailed production of oil and gas. On the other hand, the process of ice removal is also a sphere of concern (Greens Call New Oil, 2005), because it ruins ecosystem of the region and resulted in warmer weather conditions around the globe.

The threat drilling and its effect on global warming raises ethical questions. The sewage treatment if land is an example of a technological development that was designed to protect the environment but which can cause pollution nevertheless. Arctic ice is the main storage of drinking water, but if it can change the natural cycles in water, and resulted in climate change. "The supreme irony is that the winter season is getting shorter because of a pronounced warming of the climate brought on, in part, by the burning of oil” (Nesmith,2003).

III. To reduce the impact of humans on climate, the following remedies such as recycling and hydride technologies can be used. Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to stop using many things that benefit them. Most people do not want to do that, of course.

Pollution can be gradually reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amount of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws that require businesses and individuals to stop, or cut down on, certain polluting activities. And—perhaps most importantly—individuals and groups of people can work to persuade their representatives in government, and also persuade businesses, to take action toward reducing pollution. Recycling is the reprocessing of waste products for reuse. Many kinds of wastes can be recycled. Some, including cans and newspapers, can be used over and over again for the same purposes. Cans can be melted down and used to make new cans. Old newspapers can be turned into pulp and then made into lean newsprint. Other materials, such as glass bottles and automobile tires, can be reused for other purposes. Ground-up glass can serve as an ingredient in road-building materials. Old tires can be melted down in a special process in which they give off valuable chemicals, such as oil and gas. Many communities have introduced programs that encourage households to sort their trash for recycling. Recycling programs can reduce the amount of solid wastes that must be dumped or burned (Bailey, 2002).

The technological developments do much to control pollution cased by older technology. Various methods of reducing pollution from automobile engines have been developed recently. Examples include new additives to replace tetraethyl lead in gasoline, and devices to remove pollutants from exhaust and make combustion processes more complete.
One more alternative sollution is a hydrogen car. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may be all the rage on the developmental circuit these days. Clean hydrogen fuel is the best alternative for traditional one, as well as fuel cells, which are more efficient and cleaner than “hydrogen internal combustion engines”. “Instead of burning fuel in an engine, fuel cells are more like batteries, using an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity” (Hydrogen cars ready to roll — for a price, 2005). From the economic perspective, the use of some harmful materials should be stopped. For example, oil companies now produce unleaded gasoline because lead was found to be a major pollutant in automobile exhausts. Automobile manufacturers have modified engines so that the engines can run properly on unleaded gasoline (French, 2004).

Innovative technologies which are closely connected with alternative energy solutions can also help to reduce the risk of global warming. For example, pursuing alternative sources of energy such as wind and solar power is important for two reasons: the lack of coal reserves in many countries and concerns that heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming (Aitken, 2000). These solutions do not heat the air and water, and do not lead to severe weather conditions.

It is possible to conclude that global warming is caused by many factors resulted from technological innovations of our time. Today, global warming becomes a major problem of our civilization resulted in severe weather conditions and natural disasters. For our civilization, it is important to find appropriate solutions to reduce the global warming effect and safe live on our planet. The information mentioned above, shows that interdisciplinary approach should be the core strategy in the process of global warming studies. Hurricanes and tornadoes are studies by Climate science, but their impact on social life is closely connected with Economic science. The economic benefits of drilling deal with economic science, nevertheless drilling is a prerogative of geology, which is responsible to find “a safe” method for an ice core drilling, and reduce its impact on global warming. Without economic perspectives, we cannot foresee benefits of new and safe technologies. Some scientists suppose that “global warming” is nothing more than “ephemeral fed” created form economic benefits, and it does not threat the humanity, but neither of them reject existence of “ozone holes” and risen sea level, melting Arctic snows and risen temperature, and as the most important, hurricanes and tornadoes which caused great looses for many countries this year.

Factors affecting economic growth in developing countries

Factors affecting economic growth in developing countries

Savings and Investment

There are some economic facts of life that underpin all macroeconomic explanations of growth. Perhaps the most important is that in order for capital goods to be accumulated to produce greater quantities of consumer goods in the future, consumer goods have to be given up in the present. For example, if workers are building a textile factory they cannot simultaneously be making textiles these will only appear in the future as a result of the sacrifices of the present.



Increases in the amount of capital goods are called investment. For growth to occur the level of investment has to be greater than the amount of depreciation, i.e. the amount by which machines wear out or become obsolete during the year. The higher the level of investment above depreciation the greater the potential output of the economy in the future.

Unfortunately, the resources to enable investment have to come from somewhere. The only way that workers can be freed from making cars to build car factories is by an increase in savings by households i.e. by the postponement of any decision to buy goods today in favour of future consumption. Look now at the investment figures for your six case study countries and think about the differences between them, particularly those between Asian and Latin American countries. Notice also the very marked regional differences in investment and savings rates. The analysis above gives the traditional PPF model of economic growth. In the diagram below, a country starting with high levels of current consumption will have few resources available for investment. Its PPF will increase only slowly, if at all. A country succeeding in restricting consumption today will have an expanded PPF in the future, and can move to a point of higher consumption.

Government-Financed Investment

It may be the case that governments are not well enough informed to make investment decisions which reflect market circumstances. However, some kinds of investment are subject to market failure and government provision may therefore be necessary. For example, the provision of infrastructure is difficult to achieve in a free market it has too much of a public good aspect to be provided effectively by private companies.

Macroeconomic Stability

General macroeconomic conditions are very important in terms of the general climate under which investment decisions are made. So economic growth will depend to some extent upon the stability of the economy e.g. fiscal balance, and reasonably predictable levels of inflation. Macroeconomic stability reduces the risks of investment and might therefore be seen as a necessary condition for growth. Fiscal balance ensures that there is less risk of inflation, because there will be less risk of governments printing money. This may also stabilise the exchange rate and allow interest rates to be set at a reasonably low level - so further encouraging investment.
Stability is also an important factor in the amount of foreign direct investment a country may be able to attract. For developing countries this may be the only realistic source of investment funds.

Trade Liberalisation, Capital Mobility and Exchange Rate Policy

The abolition of trade restrictions (tariffs and quotas) is often seen as a necessary condition for growth. The idea is to widen markets and thus allow economies of scale in exporting industries.
It is often argued that exchange rates need to be adjusted downwards at the same time, to ensure that potential exporters can compete on world markets. To encourage direct foreign investment restrictions on international capital flows may need to be reduced. These policies have often been introduced to satisfy the conditions of IMF loans this is discussed in more detail under structural adjustment policies. However, such policies are extremely controversial. Free trade did not seem to be a necessary condition for European growth. Certainly, exposure to foreign competition may increase the productivity of companies that survive but the side-effects for what are likely to be some of the poorest people in developing countries are likely to be severe.

T-Rex look feeble

Fossil sea monster's bite makes T-Rex look feeble

A giant fossil sea monster found in the Arctic and known as Predator X had a bite that would make T-Rex look feeble. The 50 ft (15 meter) long Jurassic era marine reptile had a crushing 33,000 lbs per square inch bite force. It's much more powerful than T-Rex, the pliosaur reptile that would have been a top marine predator. Tyrannosaurus Rex was a top land carnivore among dinosaurs.

The scientists reconstructed the predator's head and estimated the force by comparing it with the similarly-shaped jaws of alligators in a park in Florida.



Predator X's bite was more than 10 times more powerful than any modern animal and four times the bite of a T-Rex, it said of the fossil, reckoned at 147 million years old. Alligators, crocodiles and sharks all now have fearsome bites. The teeth of the pliosaur, belonging to a new species, were a foot (30 cms) long. The pliosaur, estimated to have weighed 45 metric tons, was similar to but had more massive bones than another fossil sea monster found on Svalbard in 2007, also estimated at 50 feet long and the largest pliosaur to date. Among other findings were that the pliosaur had a small thin brain shaped like that of a great white shark.

Feasibility Report

Feasibility Report


A feasibility report is prepaid to present and in depth techno-commercial analysis carried out on the project idea for consideration for the financial institutions and other authorities empower to take the investment decision.

Project Manager

Basic education of a project manager

Many would consider that at least for engineering construction, project the project manager should process a basic degree in engineering advance education on project management or training in effective project management would follows:

Accordingly almost all the universities who are thinking of formal education in project management are planning for post graduate program after basic engineering program. This is different form general management, education program where even arts graduate admitted.





Perhaps the need for a basic degree on engineering accepting on the fact that engineering main business is design, operation, maintance through the emphasis is mainly a hand ware system.

Real education is supposed to change the mental managers of a men his outlook toward life and think around him in 0short, his commitment. The short term training program is good to impart skill in preparation of networks, development of performance budget, and design on system. Performance measurement, project reviews but the world not prepare a man to accept uncertainty without any cause; continuously project things he would be remain to manage, above all manager a project through installation of self controlling system.

A basic education in engineering does not commit a person to time and cost in the same way as it does to its quality but then commitment in the essence of professionalism without completion manager will not leave the organization.

secret message in Lincoln'

information of :Secret message in Lincoln's

The secret of president Abraham lincoln's gold watch has been revealed, the national museum of American reveal the secret that the gold watch bears a message marking the start of the U.S. Civil War.

The American Civil War began when Confederate troops opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861.

The dial of the watch and used a sharp instrument to mark the historic day on the president's watch.

The most strange part is that "Lincoln never knew of the message he carried in his pocket," Brent Glass, director of the National Museum of American History said in a statement. "It's a personal side of history about an ordinary watchman being inspired to record something for posterity."

Supply function

Discuss the supply function

Ans: A supply function states the dependence relationship between supply for a commodity or service and the factors or variable affecting it.

Thus the supply function for commodity x can symbolically be stated as follows

Q₃= Quantity supplied

P_x=Price of product x

P_r= Price of related goods

P_f= Price of factors production

N= Naturalcondition

T= Technological condition

T/S= Tax ofsubsidies

U= other determinants

Supply function can also be expressed by linear equation